ISSUE / SYMPTOMS
Patch installation of MSWU-766 (KB2836502) may fail out with an exit code of 2145124329, or if you manually run the patch file it fails with the message, "The update is not applicable to your computer."
If MSWU-716 is uninstalled from a system or doesn't fully install but leaves behind the below listed registry key it can cause MSWU-766 to falsely show as missing.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Component Based Servicing\Packages\Microsoft-Windows-PlatformUpdate-Win7-SRV08R2-Package-TopLevel~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~7.1.7601.16492
SOLUTION
MSWU-716 should be installed prior to attempting installation of MSWU-766.
There are two possible solutions in this scenario:
1. Reinstall MSWU-716. Then you should be able to install MSWU-766.
2. Delete the above listed registry key. MSWU-766 would no longer be offered as a missing patch. This may cause MSWU-716 to be offered as a missing patch again, though.
Note: *Backup the registry key before deleting*